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Frederick Charles Hannen Swaffer (1 November 1879 – 16 January 1962) was an English journalist and drama critic. Although his views were left-wing, he worked mostly for right-wing publications, many of them owned by Lord Northcliffe. He was a proponent of spiritualism, and an opponent of capital punishment. ==Life and career== Swaffer was born in Lindfield, Sussex, the eldest of eight children of a Folkestone draper, Henry Joseph Swaffer, and his wife, Kate Eugenie Hannen.〔Andrews, Linton, ("Swaffer, Hannen (1879–1962)" ), ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, January 2011 〕 He was educated at Stroud Green Grammar School, Kent,〔 and joined a local newspaper in Folkestone as an apprentice reporter. His first published article was a review of a performance by George Grossmith at the local town hall.〔 His reviews were so vituperative that he was banned from the local theatre, the first of many such bans during his career.〔 While at Folkestone he read Robert Blatchford's book of socialist essays, '' Merrie England'', and adopted its left-wing views for the rest of his life.〔"Mr Hannen Swaffer", ''The Times'', 17 January 1962, p. 14〕 After further experience in provincial journalism, Swaffer joined ''The Daily Mail'' in 1902, and worked for its proprietor Alfred Harmsworth (later Lord Northcliffe) for the next seventeen years.〔 In 1904 Swaffer married Helen Hannah, daughter of John Sitton, a Clapham grocer; they had no children.〔 They remained married until Helen's death in 1956, although he left her at intervals for various mistresses.〔 Swaffer was editor of Northcliffe's ''Weekly Dispatch'' and then helped develop ''The Daily Mirror'', originally a paper for women, into a mass-market title.〔 In 1913, he initiated "Mr Gossip" for ''The Daily Sketch''. He also started "Mr London" for ''The Daily Graphic'', and contributed the "Plays and Players" column to ''The Sunday Times''.〔("Swaffer, Hannen" ), ''Who Was Who'', Oxford University Press, 2014 〕 He was appointed editor of ''The People'' in 1924, but was unsuited to the duties of editing a paper, and held the post for only a few months.〔 In 1926 he became drama critic of ''The Daily Express'' and ''The Sunday Express''. He later said that although he enjoyed the company of actors, he disliked having to watch them acting,〔 and he accused Noël Coward and others of being "non-existent talents".〔Black, Sheila. "The man who had seen, heard, and done it all", ''The Times'', 28 March 1974, p. 14〕 In the 1930s Swaffer became interested in spiritualism, which became one of the causes he promoted, along with socialism and the abolition of the death penalty.〔 He claimed that his spiritualist circle had conjured up the ghost of his former employer, Northcliffe, as well as those of other dead celebrities.〔 ''The Manchester Guardian'' commented on Swaffer's "air of self-importance equal to that of Bernard Shaw himself … he raised professional egotism to a fine art."〔"'Pope of Fleet Street': Mr Hannen Swaffer", ''The Guardian'', 17 January 1962, p. 2〕 Described by ''The Times'' as "something of a ''poseur''", he was conspicuous for his flamboyant clothes, and was, according to ''The British Journalism Review'', "remembered for little more than the mixture of dandruff and cigarette ash on his velvet collar, and for defining freedom of the press as 'freedom to print such of the proprietor's prejudices as the advertisers don't object to'."〔("A matter of honours" ), ''British Journalism Review'', Vol. 16 No. 1, 2005〕 He claimed to have renounced his early anti-Semitic views, but remained implacably racist and attempted to have black actors banned from the theatre.〔 Swaffer died in London at the age of eighty-two, outliving his wife by six years.〔 Swaffer's books included ''Northcliffe's Return'' (1925), ''Really Behind the Scenes'' (1929), ''Hannen Swaffer's Who's Who'' (1929), and ''Inspiration'' (1929).〔 After the British Press Awards were established in the year of his death, they were, for their first four years, named in Swaffer's honour.〔〔("Press Awards winners 1962-1969" ), The Press Awards, retrieved 22 October 2015〕 A biography of Swaffer by Tom Driberg was published in 1974.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hannen Swaffer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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